At a glance

Tissue / tendon repair
Anti-inflammatory recovery
Angiogenesis / cardiovascular support
Wound healing
Tumour-metastasis concern (theoretical)
Unregulated source / contamination risk
Injection site / mild systemic reactions
BenefitSide effectHealth risk· more & brighter bars = stronger

Effects

  • Accelerated wound & tissue repair: Stimulates fibroblast migration, collagen deposition, and re-epithelialization, supporting faster closure of wounds and soft-tissue injuries [1].
  • Tendon & ligament recovery: Promotes skeletal muscle and tendon recovery in preclinical models; used off-label for tendinopathies and partial tears [6].
  • Anti-inflammatory signalling: Reduces pathological inflammation while preserving normal immune clearance, creating a cleaner environment for repair [1].
  • Angiogenesis (new blood vessel growth): Promotes endothelial cell migration and capillary formation, improving nutrient delivery to healing tissue [6].
  • Cardioprotection: Reduces infarct size and preserves contractile function after myocardial ischaemia via anti-apoptotic and progenitor-cell mechanisms [5].
  • Neuroprotective potential: Promotes survival and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells; under investigation for demyelinating conditions [3].
Classification

Peptide (43-amino-acid actin-binding)

Active half-life

~30 min plasma; tissue effects outlast plasma clearance significantly

Route

Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection; topical / ophthalmic in trials

Regulatory status

Investigational / not FDA-approved; WADA-banned in sport

Evidence base

Preclinical + small Phase 1–2 trials (IV); no large human RCTs for SC use