At a glance

Appetite suppression / weight loss
Thermogenesis / energy expenditure
Blood-pressure / cardiovascular danger
Heart rate elevation
Serotonin syndrome risk (drug interactions)
BenefitSide effectHealth risk· more & brighter bars = stronger

Effects

  • Appetite suppression: Raises satiety signals via enhanced serotonin and norepinephrine activity in the hypothalamus, reducing hunger and food anticipation. [1]
  • Weight reduction: Clinical trials showed dose-related weight loss up to ~11% below baseline sustained for up to 18 months with continued treatment. [4]
  • Thermogenesis: Stimulates efferent sympathetic activity to brown adipose tissue, modestly increasing energy expenditure. [4]
  • Heart rate & blood pressure elevation: Noradrenergic activity raises blood pressure and heart rate in a clinically significant proportion of users — this is an effect, not just a side effect. [6]
Classification

SNRI-class anorexiant (NOT an AAS) — withdrawn from US/EU markets [1][2]

Active half-life

Parent: ~1 h; active metabolites M1 & M2: 14–16 h [5]

Route

Oral (capsule/tablet) [5]

Regulatory status

Withdrawn — US (Oct 2010), EU (Jan 2010); Schedule IV controlled substance (US) [2][7]

Metabolism

Hepatic via CYP3A4 → active metabolites M1 & M2 [5]