At a glance

Tissue / tendon repair (preclinical)
Gut / GI protection (preclinical)
Anti-inflammatory (preclinical)
Unknown human safety / no safe dose
Immunogenicity / impurity & contamination
Potential tumour promotion (pro-angiogenic)
BenefitSide effectHealth risk· more & brighter bars = stronger

Effects

  • Tissue / tendon repair: Most-promoted use; animal models show accelerated healing of skin, tendon, muscle, ligament and bone, but human efficacy is unproven.[1][2]
  • Gastrointestinal protection: Originally described as a cytoprotective anti-ulcer peptide stable in gastric juice; studied in animal models of ulcers and inflammatory bowel disease.[2][5]
  • Angiogenesis / vascular effects: Promotes new blood-vessel formation and maintains endothelial integrity in preclinical models via VEGFR2/NO signalling.[5][7]
  • Anti-inflammatory: Reported to reduce inflammation in preclinical injury and bowel models.[1][4]
Classification

Synthetic pentadecapeptide (15 aa, MW ~1419)

Regulatory status

Not FDA-approved; unapproved drug (FDA Category 2)

WADA status

Prohibited — S0 Non-Approved Substances

Route

Subcutaneous/IM injection or oral

Active half-life

<30 min (animal IV/IM PK; ~15 min IV in rats)